Humans landed on the moon 50 years ago, and it’s still freaking awesome

Until the 18th century, this question was principally in the hands of theologians, who based their calculations on biblical chronology. Bishop James Ussher, a 17th-century Irish cleric, for example, calculated that creation occurred in B. There were many other such estimates, but they invariably resulted in an Earth only a few thousand years old. By the late 18th century, some naturalists had begun to look closely at the ancient rocks of the Earth.

They observed that every rock formation, no matter how ancient, appeared to be formed from still older rocks.

The USA team, Moon Express is to date, the only company to publicly The source of KREEP signatures in lunar rocks has thus been associated with an to the PKT with the formula CaY(La-Lu)(Mg,Mn,Fe)(Na,K)(P,Al.

Craters are features commonly used as research landmarks compared with the other landforms such as rocks, mountains, cliffs and many others. Because of their simple and unique geometry and relatively established appearance under different conditions, the authors decided to select craters as ideal landmarks for detection and spacecraft localization. This chapter focuses on identification of craters in terms of their characteristics and detection of these visual features of the moon to determine a safe landing site for a lunar Lander.

Cheng et al. Moreover, craters appear in enough density on most planetary system bodies of interest and they are also known to have fairly stable appearance or shapes over time or under different conditions and environments. These special features make them an appropriate type of landmark to observe. Currently, there is a lot of on-going studies mainly on craters detection and optical navigation systems for the moon and these studies still adopt a complex and similar approach such as detection using the Hough transform method.

The advantages of using this approach are threefold: 1 its uncomplicatedness 2 fast detection 3 can be used further in ellipse reconstruction algorithm to determine the position and orientation of the crater. This chapter will discuss the method of employing MATLAB and image processing tool on an optical image as well as the morphological image detection fundamentals. In addition, some geometrical projection analysis in reconstructing an ellipse as a disc will be evaluated in order to obtain the orientation of the disc crater for an autonomous optical navigation system.

The first lunar exploration spacecraft named Luna 1 was flown to the moon on January . Nonetheless, this mission did not give too much impact as it did not land on the moon itself.